液晶弹性体柔性人工肌肉新进展

2026-02-02

由滑铁卢大学研究人员与英国多所大学研究人员领导的国际团队，开发出一种可充当柔性“人工肌肉”的新型材料，用于替代机器人中的电机和泵，使机器人能够更自然、更流畅地运动。

软体机器人区别于刚性机器人的特点在于其柔韧与灵活，与人交互时更安全。但目前用于实现其运动功能的材料强度不足，影响实际效果。研究小组发现，将常见于电子设备和传感器显示屏的液晶材料，与一种前景广阔的软体机器人构建模块——液晶弹性体进行混合，可以显著增强这种智能橡胶类材料的性能。

滑铁卢大学化学工程教授哈米德·沙萨万博士表示：我们所说的人工肌肉，对于释放软体机器人的真正潜力至关重要。它们使机器人能够灵活、安全且精确地运动。这对于微型医疗机器人等应用尤为重要。液晶弹性体是一种橡胶材料，在受热时能以可逆、可编程的方式发生巨大的形状变化。研究人员发现，在液晶弹性体中混入少量液晶材料后，其刚度显著增强，强度最高可提升至九倍。

这种新型液晶弹性体制成的纤维，在受热时可以提起相当于自身重量2000倍的载荷。液晶弹性体可提供接近24 J/kg的输出功，约是哺乳动物肌肉平均做功的三倍。X射线分析显示，液晶材料分散在液晶弹性体内部，形成了许多小囊泡。这些液态的液晶囊泡表现得如同固体，能够保持自身形状，并在其周围的液晶弹性体被拉伸时使其感觉更加坚硬。

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